Organizational change Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Organizational change Management - Essay Example Various individuals in the organization will be involved in the change process and unless they understand the need for that change, their behaviour towards the proposed change will not be favourable. Behaviour change is very imperative for successful change because of the uncertainty that people perceive to come because of that change (Shea & Solomon, 2013, p. 15). The great need for the change in the organization enables the management to envision what they really want. This involves understanding reasons for the change, the structure of the change process and ensures successful implementation of that change (Shea & Solomon, 2013). Involving all the party concerned in the change also contributes greatly to the understanding of the change (Conway & Monks, 2011, p.. 191). Though strategic change may result from the top management, they should consider the middle level employees input to ensure they will not encounter much resistance. This also helps to counter any resistance early enough and make any clarification on time. Conway & Monks (2011) further asserts that for a successful change implementation, a clear outline of the benefits the change will bring must be present. However, many organizations often face opposition to change thus derailing the implementation process. Majority of the individuals defy change because it comes from top management and without proper consultations with them, the management forces them to adopt the change (Conway & Monks, 2011). This is especially so when they perceive that the change will negatively adjust their work status for instance in relation to workload, status change, which may prompt some of them to guard their own interests. According to Bates (2005), various individuals defy change for different reasons. Some may resist change to guard their own self-interest. Others fears the uncertainties that change brings while others lack clarity on the change process and some

Imagine you are Directing Essay Example for Free

Imagine you are Directing Essay Introduction I intend to study the Crucible by Arthur Miller. I will be looking at act 3, through the eyes of a director. The character I will mainly be focusing on is Abigail Williams, a late teen who had committed adultery with the well thought of, John Proctor. The play was written in 1952 and was an allegory of the political state of America under the supervision of Senator Joseph McCarthy. The play was set in 1692 in a god-fearing, puritan village that was isolated in the east of Massachusetts. This play is based upon the Salem witchcraft trials, two centuries before the book was written and therefore the location of the play was thought of to be masking the anti-communist message it was portraying. The basis of the play is of a group of young female teens that had danced in the woods within the hours of darkness. Yet because of the beliefs that these acts were closely related to witchcraft, the readings of the bible would instruct them to hang all those who participated. Yet to avoid their own prosecution the blame was passed to many innocent people, including a West Indian slave, who because of her colour and belief in spells was an easy target and another was the wife of John Proctor. John himself then becomes the main suspicion of practicing witchcraft after the tables are turned once again. He was asked to give names of those he knows of having connections with the devil to save his own life, he refused to answer their questions as did Miller when he was summoned before McCarthys House Un-American Activities Committee. This was very similar to the condition of America around the early 1950s when the country was in a situation of corruption. Many innocent people had come to a gritty end, after scapegoats that were part of McCarthys House Un-American Activities Committee, could prove them guilty on the flimsiest of evidence. Stage Design I have chosen the below layout because I believe it gives the best possible chance for all of the characters to be seen and heard clearly throughout this act. Dramatic Techniques As a director the dramatic techniques of Miller Display complete essay The above preview is unformatted text This student written piece of work is one of many that can be found in our GCSE Arthur Miller section.

Self-Validation and Social Acceptance Essay -- Culture Cultural Essays

People often need to have validation from themselves, in regard to both their sexuality and general self, before being able to be accepted others. Too often this important fact is disregarded by today's culture and societal norm. This appears to be a recurring theme throughout the many passages and articles we have read in class, as well as in various piece of fictional literature. I will be using the 1991 film "Paris Is Burning," a short work of fiction by Jane S. Fancher called "Moonlover and the Fountain of Blood," the lecture given by Carolyn Dinshaw on the twenty-third of September, and Cherrie Moraga's "The Breakdown of the Bicultural Mind" to support my thesis. Originally, I started thinking about this paper in a manner quite different from that which will be shown here. I thought I knew everything I had learned and that I could take a single idea and 'run with it,' as the saying goes. Then I began reviewing the articles and rereading my classmates' posts. I have always had an unusual interest in how 'outsiders' interact with a society that tends to be somewhat exclusive. Being on the receiving end to this sometimes painful exclusiveness, having had a disability from an early age, the ideas of censorship and prohibition toward people discovering themselves intrigued me. Due to illness, I watched "Paris Is Burning" after sending in my original plan for this paper. I was impressed by the complexity of the homosexual community in New York during the eighties. Despite the fact that all of these men were living outside of societal norms, they had a sense of belonging and home. They created Houses and families to replace what they had lost, but also to give them something they had not experienced in their previous liv... ...Call Home: Autobiography on Racial Identity, ed. Becky Thompson and Sangeeta Tyagi, New York, Routeledge. 7. 234. Moraga, Cherrie (1996), "The Breakdown of the Bicultural Mind," in Names We Call Home: Autobiography on Racial Identity, ed. Becky Thompson and Sangeeta Tyagi, New York, Routeledge. 8. 234. Moraga, Cherrie (1996), "The Breakdown of the Bicultural Mind," in Names We Call Home: Autobiography on Racial Identity, ed. Becky Thompson and Sangeeta Tyagi, New York, Routeledge. 9. 238. Moraga, Cherrie (1996), "The Breakdown of the Bicultural Mind," in Names We Call Home: Autobiography on Racial Identity, ed. Becky Thompson and Sangeeta Tyagi, New York, Routeledge. 10. Moraga, Cherrie (1996), "The Breakdown of the Bicultural Mind," in Names We Call Home: Autobiography on Racial Identity, ed. Becky Thompson and Sangeeta Tyagi, New York, Routeledge,

Abstract of Judgement & Decision Making Topics

Reading 1. 3 (Jackall, R. (1988)) : Looking Up and Looking Around In every corporation the crux of a manager’s charisma is his decision making prowess. Though there is an abundance of scientific theories and myths related to decision making, generally decisions are made in a highly rationalized context. A manager would prefer taking decisions that are based on well-formulated and generally agreed upon strategies rather than evaluating all the possible solutions to the problem in hand and then taking a well reasoned decision. In contrast, managers are highly uncomfortable when faced with situations in which there are no specific procedures. Managers vouch for their own safety, safety in terms of reputation and therefore tend to look around and see what others opinions are, the perspective of their superiors. In situations where their reputation is at stake, or huge sums of money involved, or even the company’s goodwill is at stake managers tend to hesitate and wait for an opinion not due to lack of experience but due to fear of failure. Another aspect why managers tend to look around is the accusation or blame time after a problem occurs because there is no means to track down responsibility. As a result of bureaucratic structure higher authorities can easily sneak out of such situations leaving the subordinates hung out to dry. A negative aspect in an organization would be milking a plant which is generally performed by a top level authority in order to maximize gains. The negative aspect in this is of course the organisation bears the brunt of it, moreover at the end of it all, the person assigned the charge of the milked plant eventually becomes the scapegoat. Another aspect is that if focus remains on short term profit it may not be the key to lasting achievements though it may be profitable for a short duration. Likewise individuals look out for their own interests instead of the organisations when there are immediate personal benefits. Experience: In my experience this occasion has occurred a number of times when my manager tends to avoid the risky or rather sticky situations. As a newly appointed sales engineer in a trading firm my manager used to pass on a number of sales quotations to me for processing and finalizing the deal. Since I was fresh to the field of sales I didn’t realize that he was forwarding me these sales orders just because those orders were from clients who weren’t credible enough. Though I managed to get a couple of orders, two of the orders went kaput in terms of payment for which I was held responsible. My manager washed his hands of me accusing me with not consulting him before I plunged to seal the deal. Though on the other profitable orders he too had a take on the credit but the blame only fell on me. Reading 4. 3 (Wildavsky, A. , and Dake, K. (1990)): Theories of Risk Perception: Who Fears What and Why? This article mainly focuses on the outlook of different kinds of people, outlook such as the perception of risk of different products and practices, the diverse effect of a particular practice or event on these different groups, the intensity of the effect on these groups and the varying concerns on an individual basis to a diverse range of risks so as to understand the patterns of risk perception. Fundamentally an individual perceives a hazard as a risk with greater anxiety if his wellbeing is likely to be in danger. If the hazard doesn’t seem to affect him or his beliefs in any way it wouldn’t be of any concern to him though it might be of ample concern to someone else who will be directly affected. By classifying people on the basis of social relations such as hierarchical, egalitarian and individualist, along with the cultural biases that support them, turned out to be the best way to account for the perception of risk. It was found that people who support egalitarianism would be more inclined to risk taking individually but as a social group would be more risk averse, whereas those who favour hierarchy tend to be the opposite. An individualist would be risk taking when it comes to technology as they see an opportunity for growth. These observations were in respect to technology and environment but in terms of personality structure there is no evidence as to variation in risk perception. In spite of these observations one cannot presume that risk taking is preferred by cultures of individualism and hierarchy neither can one presume that egalitarians are always risk averse this is because as risks pertaining to technology and environment are feared by egalitarians in a similar way social deviance is feared by hierarchists and the risk of war is feared by individualists. In conclusion, depending on the object of attention risk perception also varies. Experience: During my tenure in a shipping company as a procurement executive I had once the task to procure water pump for eight ships. Since this was a high priority requirement and involved huge costs I made sure I had researched the market well and decided on a particular brand (Grundfos) even though there was another pump (Davey) that perfectly suited our requirements. The reason was that Davey’s technical support was really bad. So I forwarded the research report to my MD who called for me and told me to go ahead with the purchase of the Davey pump telling me that it was profitable and worthwhile to get our own technicians trained since we could use more of their pumps. To me it seemed like a big risk especially since it involved a huge cost but to him it didn’t seem a risk at all. Reading 6. 1 (Lindblom, C. E. (1959)): The Science of â€Å"Muddling Through† The author compares and contrasts two different approaches to policy making – Rational comprehensive method (Root) and the Successive limited comparisons (Branch) and explains why branch method is a better approach in formulating policies. The root method starts from the fundamentals, improving on the past only if included in a theory. This method cannot be used for complex problems simply because the facts needed require a gigantic compilation of observations. Whereas the branch method continually springs up from the present situation in a step by step manner, varying in small degrees and is more appropriate for complex problems because facts requirements are small and are relevant to the policy. In the root method, initially values or objectives have to be clarified before the alternative policies are examined. Disagreement is unavoidable even when objectives are clearly stated. Another difficulty is ranking of conflicting values since objectives may not have the same relative values. Whereas in the branch method values and policies are selected simultaneously and only incremental values are focussed on making it simpler. Secondly, in the root method, ends are initially chosen in a means-end relationship and means are then developed whereas in branch method means as well as ends are simultaneously chosen. Thirdly, in the root method decisions are termed â€Å"good† if an objective is achieved even when the decision hasn’t been described. In the case of branch method where the objectives are defined only by the incremental values it is still possible to determine if the policy achieved the desired objective. Again in the root method it is impossible to take all factors into consideration due to limitations unless the complex problem is simplified whereas the branch method by limiting the policy comparisons to relevant ones only differing slightly from the current policy the problem is simplified. Finally policy is made and re-made endlessly in the branch method. Nevertheless, branch method does have its disadvantages but is far superior for decision making in complex problems. Experience: In a new start up firm generally new policies are made often or even old ones are amended. During my work as a business development manager in a newly start up firm, I along with another colleague had the major task to formulate policies for my division. We decided to put together basic policies related to our past experience from similar jobs. This served as the base to us and the other employees of the division. There were revisions to these base policies only when there was a need to amend it because it wasn’t working for us or when some mishap happened and a new policy was inevitable. But the fact was that the new policies didn’t vary from the old policies in such a large manner. So it wasn’t difficult for the employees to get accustomed to the new policy. And slowly we managed to put together a solid set of policies. Reading 7. 1 (McIntyre, R. M. & Salas, E. (1995)): Measuring and Managing For Team Performance: Emerging Principles From Complex Environments The author of this chapter focuses on a fairly neglected but critical aspect namely teamwork that develops as teams mature over a period of time. The base for this research was military teams but due to the similarities between military and any organisation the findings can be extended to teams in an organisation too. The model formed for this research was The Team Evolution and Maturation (TEAM) Research Paradigm. The TEAM paradigm program observed and measured a number of tactical decision-making teams. Interviews were conducted, data instruments and self-report questionnaire were developed and employed to assist in the research. The data analysed were scanned for evidence of behavioural trends that characterized team performance and the results were presented. Teamwork is the interactive behaviour between members of a team but depending on circumstance may include technical activities. Teamwork consists of four major factors-performance monitoring, feedback, closed-loop communication, back-up behaviour and also performance norms such as team’s self awareness and supporting interdependence among team-mates. Also effective teams modify their behaviour depending on the situation and do change over a period of time. Another category that led to a better understanding of team performance was Team leadership. A team leader must be able to serve as models of teamwork in order to maintain the team’s effectiveness by engaging in teamwork and improving the team performance, being prepared technically, by listening and benefiting from the knowledge of team members, accepting and providing feedback but at the same time being cautious about his leadership style and the respect he commands. The role of each individual team member was also important in this context. Team members should be individually competent so that effective team work can take place but at the same time be aware of the tasks of his team-mate. Also, a team member must not be dependent on an outstanding team member by evading responsibility. Experience: During my career in a software company a team was formed for every project. The team was formed depending on the requirement of the particular phase of the project, budget and duration. The team members were selected based on their experience. Meetings were conducted with the project managers on an individual basis as well as a team. New ideas as well as difficulties faced by each team member were noted. Another method employed by the company was the team appraisal form in which team members rated their team mates in different tasks. At the completion of the project too a review of the performance of the team as well as the project manager was conducted. For the next project the outcomes of these reviews were specially taken into consideration to form another team. What I observed was as a team our performance improved and tasks were completed with less difficulty among team members. Reading 5. 3 (Parkin (2000)): Expert Judgment This reading discusses about how the conceptualization of information can help in retaining information for longer periods of time and achieving expertise. It also classifies the characteristics of an expert and finally whether experts are better judges in their own domain. The short term memory in human beings can only absorb and process few chunks of memory and that too for a short period of time whereas to remember data for a longer period it is necessary to put them in long term memory. Some recent findings have shown that in order to support the short-term memory, experts developed their long term memory thereby overcoming the limited capacity of the short term memory. But again the storage capacity isn’t what makes a difference between a novice and an expert. It is the ability of an expert to visualize and analyse as well as reason the patterns and data in such a way that it provides room for more planning that differentiates him from an amateur. In order to have this ability of an expert, practice seems to be the only solution. Again being an expert in problem solving in a particular domain is not the only skill required by an expert but good planning skill too is critical. By deciding on the right methods and goals based on past experiences experts are more successful in predicting likely outcomes. Thus in order to facilitate quick retrieval of information from the long term memory it is necessary to conceptualize the largely disaggregated data that one acquires during education and training. Through a continuous series of trial, error and reliable feedback, information gets stored in memory and readily available. But in spite of these characteristics experts may not be better judges also in their own domains. An expert’s decision would differ from another one based on his knowledge and experience. But again agreement cannot be the only criteria to judge an expert. Experience: During my career as a computer engineer I had done multiple projects. But I remember one of the projects in the early days of my career which was a fairly complex one. It was a complex one only because in spite of learning that programming language in my undergraduate course and also having been rained for it in the company I had to struggle through the coding because I hadn’t practised it actually. But the irony was that the project manager was quite an expert at it and had an extensive knowledge in that programming language despite the fact that this language came into actual practice long after his graduation. I later came to know that he had successfully completed a number of projects using this program ming language. Thus practice and definitely the multiple projects he executed got him to this level of expertise. Reference 1. UTS November 2002, ‘Judgment and Decision making’, CN2118 Lectures & Reading Material.

Maasranga Communication Limited

[pic] Assignment On Maasranga Communications Limited Submitted To: Maksuda Hossain Lecturer FBA Eastern University Submitted By: Name |ID | |Dewan Abdullah |101200205 | |Nadim Ali Mollah |101200208 | |Shahina Akter |101200211 | |Jahangir Sharif |101200210 | |Abrar Faisal |101200207 | SEC-4 Faculty of Business Administration Submission: 07/11/2011 [pic] [pic] Terms of Reference December 8, 2011 Maksuda Hossain Lecturer Faculty of Business Administration, Eastern University Madam, The report at your hand is on â€Å"Maasranga Communication limited†. You assign us to prepare this report as a part of the Management (MGT 201) course requirement.While preparing this report, we have tried to follow your instructions given in the class. We believe our report contains information help us to make a clear recognize about â€Å"Maasranga Communication limited†. We really enjoyed doing such a challenging report. If you have further queries regarding this paper, we gladly re main stand by whenever you ask for it. Finally, we are grateful to you for giving us a nice opportunity to work on this report, which we have considered as a great chance for us to develop our analytical skills. Sincerely yours, Dewan Abdullah †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ Nadim Ali Mollah †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ Abrar Faisal †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. Shahina Akter †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. Jahangir Sharif †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. Table of contents Chapter: 1 Introductory Part Introduction†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 5 Objective or purpose of the study†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 6 Methodology†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 6 Limitations of the study†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 6 Chapter: 2 Body of the Report Overview of the company†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 7 Environment of the firm†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 8 Major competitors of the firm†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 10 Environmental turbulence (Recent problem)†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 10 Major uniqueness of the channel†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 11 SWOT analysis†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦11 Chapter: 3 concluding Part Conclusion†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 12 Findings†¦. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 2 Recommendations†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦12 Appendix†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 13 Maasranga Communications Limited Introductory Part Cause behind named â€Å"Maasranga† It is a sister concern of Square Group. Before that, Square had a production House that is renowned as Maasranga Production. For that, the Name of that our channel is Maasranga communication limited. It starts its operation from 30 July 2011officially. Introduction: Maasranga Television, part of the SQUARE Group, has turned to Grass Valley for a complete newsroom system, production and master control switchers, and infrastructure equipment as part of the rollout of an HDTV station in Bangladesh.It is the first High Definition (HD) TV channel in Bangladesh. At the heart of the channel is a complete digital news production system based on the Aurora production suite, with Grass Valley K2 media servers for content storage and exchange, and EDIUS editing workstations. Each of the two studios is equipped with a Grass Valley Kayak video production switcher. The central infrastructure of the new channel also relies upon Grass Valley technologies, including Maestro master control switching. Maasranga Television began test transmissions from its new center in Dhaka on Oct. 10. Maasranga TV started broadcasting on July 30, 2011 through an hour inaugural show.Maasranga TV will be the first television state that will broadcast in High Definition television, 3G format. #Achievement in these two years Maasranga TV became champions in the Pepsi-DRU Media Cup cricket tournament beating The Daily Star by 33 runs in the final at the Maulana Bhasani National Hockey Stadium on 21/11/2011. Minister for Information and Cultural Affairs Abul Kalam Azad witnessed the final and distributed prizes among the teams. Objective or purpose of the study: Firstly, we like to mention that, we are preparing this report as our Teacher influenced us to do this. There are others purpose to do the report those are given below———– * To find out the problem they are facing as a new TV channel. To find out who are the competitors of the channel & who are the customers. * In this report, we are trying to focus the whole position & Activity of the channel. Meth odology: We used both primary and secondary data to prepare this report. We visit Maasranga TV channel office and there by the marketing executive provide some information. As they are new in the market and they cannot provided much information in the web site, so we cannot find huge information in the web site about them. Based on this little information we are trying to complete the report. Limitation or barriers to complete this report: We were face many problem to complete the report those are highlighting below –When we visit Maasranga TV we meet there marketing manager he give us some information but some of the information he want to provide through e-mail. We told him that it would be ok. We contract with him several times and every time he tries to convince us, that he will send the e-mail. However, he sends the e-mail six days before of submission date of the report. As the channel is new and they are very busy in maintenances (As they inform us through the e-mail) they cannot uploaded much information about their channel, so we faced trouble in finding information on the web site. Body of the Report Overview of the company (Product or Service): As the marketing executive said that, they sell duration, which they called â€Å"Time Product. Especially they receive money to telecast an advertisement. They charged money based on how long the advertisement will telecast. They charged at least 25000? -30000? for an advertisement that will telecast for thirty seconds. At the very beginning some advertisement agency were strongly disagree, they suggest them as they are new they need to decrease the price. However, when they hear that â€Å"Maasranga† is the first HD channel in Bangladesh they were ready to pay money as the channel demand for an advertisement. Environment of the firm (External & Internal): Division of the channel environment is showing below through a chart—– [pic] Discussion about the above components are given below—External Environment (General): Economics: When we try to know about their economic dimensions, they informed that it is highly confidential or top secret. They were not ready to share anything about daily expenditure, profit etc. related to economy. Technological: They are using the latest HD technology to telecast program. They use digital video camera and many other latest and high technology. Political: The ministry of information and technology has emphasized to develop the principles of telecasting our cultural values, history and the significant measures of our nation that are helpful to enlighten our image to the world itself. External Environment (Task):Competitors: As they are new in the market, so they have to compete with many channels like ATN Bangla, Channel I, Bangla Vision, Baisakhi and many other channels of Bangladesh. Customers: All aged group. â€Å"Maasranga† telecast different types of programs in different times as example they telecast car toon on every Sunday and Monday for children. Suppliers: There main suppliers are those who supplies information to them as an example they mention one name who supplies information, is â€Å"Sirius. † Regulators: This Organization is a member or part of Square group. They mention that â€Å"Square group† works as the regulators. Internal Environment: Owners: The owner of the channel is â€Å"Square group† Board of directors: |Chairman |Shamson H.Chowdhury | |Managing Director |Aanjan Chowdhury | |CEO |Syed Fahim Munaim | |Executive Director |Ajoy Kumar Kundu | Employees: Near about four hundred people are working in the channel. Major competitors of the firm: There are many satellite channels in Bangladesh; â€Å"Maasranga† is not the first one so they have many competitors, their major competitors are Bijoy TV, G TV, My TV, Mohona TV- as they are also newly launched TV channels in Bangladesh. There are many other giant competitors of â€Å"Maasrangaâ⠂¬  like ATN Bangla, Channel I, Bangla vision, Diganta TV and many more – as they are very famous TV channels in Bangladesh. Environmental turbulence: (Recent problem) 0 July 2011 the channel is started officially so they passed near five months (Until the submission date 08/12/2011) after starting, so the every single problem faced by them is â€Å"recent problem† for them. They did not mention any problem specifically. They mention that, this topic is very secret. They only talked about that, there employees working very hard to solve the entire problem. Major uniqueness of the channel: The HD technology differ them from other channels. SWOT Analysis: |Strengths |Weakness | | |New in the marked. | |Strong and experienced management. | | |Not much popular. | |First HD channel in Bangladesh. | | | |Cannot create much awareness among people. | |High quality picture. | | | |Lake of well-trained employee. | |Quality full program. | | | |Lake of information sour ce. |Telecasts programs in time. | | | |High investment to competing with the competitor. | |Took short breaks in programs. | | |Opportunities |Threats | | | | |Can be launched a new program. |Hard competition in the market. | | | |Experienced in using high technology. |Political instability in the country. | | | | |HD technology will increase their demand. |Profit will low then investment. | | | | | |Big threat for them, that they are new. | Concluding PartConclusion: By analyzing the whole report we can say that, the firm or channel are facings many problems as they are new. In addition, their main strength is that, they are using high technology. To peak up the channel they must be choosy in selecting employee, program etc. Findings: From the overall report we can find that, the main problem is awareness. Awareness among people is very important for them. To compete with the competitors they must create awareness among people. Recommendation: †¢ They must select quality full programs. †¢ They must select hard working employee. †¢ They must telecast those programs, which will acceptable for all aged people. Take part in some social work to get emotional benefits. †¢ Choose good presenter and try to telecast true news. Appendix: We provide a soft copy of the report through a CD. That will help you to judge the report. [pic] [pic] [pic] [pic] [pic][pic][pic] ———————– |Competitors | |Customers | |Suppliers | |Regulators | Task |Economics | |Technological | |Political | General |Owners | |Board of directors | |Employees | Internal External Environment ———————– 1

East and West; The Yiddish Film essays

East and West; The Yiddish Film essays There is a lot of tension between modern culture and old culture in the film, East and West. Much intergenerational conflict occurs between Mollie and her father Morris and also between Mollie and the rest of the family from Poland. The differences between Mollie and her father and the rest of the family are immediately evident when they arrive in Poland. Morris is noticeably lacking the beard and traditional dress that most of the men have, and Mollie doesnt really fit in with her cropped hair cut, bold lipstick, and dress. On one of the holiest holidays of the Jewish year Mollie distances herself yet further from the traditional culture. Instead of following along in her prayer book Mollie slips a novel in and reads while she pretends to be praying. While she was supposed to be fasting all day she sneaks back to her relatives house and eats the meal that was prepared for that night. Once she returns from satiating her appetite her cousin Zelda complains of hunger pains; Mollie, not wanting to miss out on attention, also feigns hunger pains. She doesnt care about anyone except herself. Jealous of Zeldas wedding Mollie decides to steal some attention by staging a mock wedding. In all the excitement Jacob gets dragged away from his studies to be the groom. Jacob places a ring on Mollies finger, knowing that by Jewish law this will make them married. Despite being urged not to by all of the learned men Jacob places the ring on Mollies finger. Mollie is very upset about the whole marriage incident. Morris and Mollie consult the Rabbi who orders Jacob to set Mollie free. He refuses to obey the Rabbi and turns his back on tradition. Everyone in the old culture rejects him. Jacob longs to be accepted by the traditional society, but at the same time also wishes to please Mollie. Since he is an outcast of society Jacob decides to leave and live with his Uncle in Vienna. When h...

Discussion Board Example

Discussion Board Example Discussion Board – Coursework Example February 7, Psychology Discussion Research can be done several ways. The paper delves on the research methods. The paperfocuses on the god-related research. Ungodly research should be avoided. Statement 1: â€Å"Research methods†¦godly.† The book of 1 John’s verse 1 espouses that we should not believe all spirit (Wiersbe, 2011). Instead, people should test whether each spirit is from God or not. The verse continues to state that many false prophets crop up in our world. The verse requires everyone to research whether someone who claims to be Christ or from God. Test can be done several ways (methods). One test is to use the statistics tools (Coolican, 2013). Statistics tools include variance analysis, mean, median, standard deviation or mode. Test can be done by asking confirmatory information from another person or source. During Christ’s time, the temple religious leaders believed Jesus blasphemed because Jesus claims to be God’s son. To test inc ludes determining whether the act of the person complies with God’s espoused concepts or instructions. Statement 2: â€Å"Research methods†¦ungodly.†Genesis 2, verse 17 affirms research methods can be ungodly (Wiersbe, 2011). The verse prohibits Adam and Eve to engaging in research, they are prohibited from determining whether God is telling the truth. God prohibits Adam and Eve from eating the fruit from the tree of knowledge. However, Adam and Eat became curious. The snake, Satan, convince the two humans to eat the fruit from the tree of life. Eating the fruit is one prohibited research method. One research method is to cook the apple before eating. Another research method is eating raw apple (not cooked). Based on the above verse discussions, research can be done in many ways. The bible espouses godly research. However, some individuals prefer ungodly research. Evidently, ungodly research must be evaded for being violating God’s instructions.References: Coolican, H. (2013). Research Methods and Statistics in Psychology. New York: Routledge Press.Wiersbe, W. (2011). The Wiersbe Bible Study Series. New York: David Cook. Discussion Board Example Discussion Board – Article Example Graduate Undergraduate and Graduate School February 8, 2013Graduate vs. Undergrad I remember when I first entered undergraduate and I thought this is going to be fun. There will be many discussions and lectures and projects and I will learn what I want to do, but in graduate it is even more fun even though now I am in my chosen field graduate school is where I can make changes in my field to improve the many facets in education, administration and how the public views my field of study. I expect much more writing in graduate school than in undergraduate. There will be more analysis to go along with more lectures. These lectures will be mainly what the professors have contributed to the particular area of study, so this will lead to a lot more reading. In an undergraduate learning community you are learning all the basic information, the terminology of your field and it is the preparation for beginning work in your chosen field of study. The undergraduate community is where you are ma king connections with what is taught in the classroom and making connections with others in the fields. A graduate learning community is where you are reading, writing, and analyzing what is already in your field and you will be able to make possible changes and you will be able to ask questions about how you can go about making adjustments to the field. Graduate school is when you can share your own working experience in your field of study and to expand your knowledge and to see how you can make the necessary changes that you think are important.(Grand Canyon University, 2011) Graduate school is also a time to see if maybe you will want to teach or do research. Graduate school is the time that you can find different ways to improve learning in all fields of study. This is a time that students make judgments about their fields and look for more ideas that will improve their profession. ReferenceGrand Canyon University. â€Å"Being a Graduate Student† (Handout) Published by Grand Canyon University; (2011) Discussion Board Example Discussion Board – Article Example Ethical Use of Power in Management Power in the management context can be defined as the possession of command and control. It is defined as having authority over others who have low ranks and positions. The ethical use of power is usually governed by a set of morals and values. The person exercising the power employs ethical values and morals in order to exercise power ethically. Determining whether power has been used in an ethical way is a difficult exercise. This is because ethical behavior is a relative phenomenon. There is no clear cut line that distinguishes between ethical and unethical behavior. One uses their own discretion to determine what counts as ethical and what does not. Ethics and its application in management are determined by the conditions in the immediate environment, state of mind, timing and the current state of affairs.The ultimate goal of the attribution theory is to help a person, and in this case manager, to comprehend the reason behind a certain human beh avior. This is based on the fact that people need to link causes to behaviors as opposed to assuming that these behaviors are random. This theory fronts that supervisors should react in ways that bring out the positive attitudes of the subordinates (Martinko, 2006). Managers can mitigate the negative outcomes of political behavior by steering clear of taking political sides. Since he is the manager and the overall in charge, he should exercise restraint from leaning towards any political affiliation and should instead act as an authoritative father figure who unites all who are under him (Martinko, 2006).The people in the work environment are often less empowered because the managers exercise all the powers and decision making. This state can be improved by delegating duties to the various subordinates there by instilling a sense of belonging, empowerment and responsibility in them (Martinko, 2006).ReferenceMartinko, M. J. (2006). Attribution theory: an organizational perspective. N ew York: St. Lucie Press. Discussion Board Example Discussion Board – Coursework Example Finance and Accounting Discussion Board of Finance and Accounting Discussion Board PepsiCo is the company that is engaged in making beverages like soft drinks, juices, pure water, tea and energy drinks. Its brands are Tropicana, Pepsi, Mountain Dew, and others. Manufacturing businesses use different techniques in order to manage the cost so to achieve the main goal of the business to increase its profits. PepsiCo also requires Contemporary management technique to achieve its success factors. They have to work on the cost area for their purpose.The accountants of the company could play their role in minimizing the cost. Accountants are advised to apply standard costing method for the purpose. In this method, the expected cost is calculated at the time of purchasing raw material and before the manufacturing process is started. Although a variance is to be found between the actual cost and expected cost but it could be managed by the accountants later. Expected cost will provide help to the accountants to identify the selling price of the product after it is being manufactured. The help in determining the expected cost could be taken by the software as well in the modern world (Marie & Rao, 2010).Accountants could control the cost during the manufacturing process through the strategies such as economies of scale. Economies of scale refer to the units of the products to be manufactured so to set the cost at equilibrium point. The target set by the accountants that the units of products would be that could change later. For example, company has the target to produce 100000 liters of Pepsi but it is found that the units cost is not enough that it could not be recover the accountants could change the strategy (Shi, 2012). References ListMarie, A., & Rao, A. (2010). Is Standard Costing Still Relevant? Evidence from Dubai. Management Accounting Quarterly, 11(2), 1-10.Shi, H. (2012). Economies of scale in the Australian tourism industry. Applied Economics., 44(33), 13.

Alvarado Name Meaning & Origin

Alvarado Name Meaning & Origin Alvarado is a geographical or habitational name originating from one of several places called Alvarado, meaning whitened place; many from Alvarado in Badajoz Province, Spain. Alvarado means dweller near a white hill or on dry land. Alvarado is the 56th most common Hispanic surname. Surname Origin Spanish, Portuguese Alternate Surname Spellings DE ALVARADO, ALBARADO, DE ALBARADO Famous People with the Surname Alvarado Pedro de Alvarado - legendary Spanish conquistador of the MayaTrinidad Trini Alvarado - American actress.Juan Velasco Alvarado – former ruler of Peru, from 1968–1975. Where Do People with the Alvarado Surname Live? According to Public Profiler: World Names the majority of individuals with the Alvarado surname live in Argentina, followed by larger concentrations in Spain and the United States, plus small populations in Switzerland and Canada. Public Profiler doesnt include information from all countries, however, including Mexico and Venezuela. Genealogy Resources for the Surname Alvarado 100 Common Hispanic Surnames Their MeaningsGarcia, Martinez, Rodriguez, Lopez, Hernandez... Are you one of the millions of people sporting one of these top 100 common Hispanic last names? The Alvarado DNA ProjectThis ancestral y-DNA testing project is open to any male with any spelling of the Alvardo surname. Ancestry.com - Alvarado Genealogy Records (free trial or subscription required)Thousands of records for individuals with the Alvarado surname can be found on the subscription website Ancestry.com, including births, marriages, census, immigration and military records. ALVARADO Family Genealogy ForumSearch this popular genealogy forum for the Alvarado surname to find others who might be researching your ancestors, or post your own Alvarado query. FamilySearch - ALVARADO GenealogyFind records, queries, and lineage-linked family trees posted for the Alvarado surname and its variations. ALVARADO Surname Family Mailing ListsRootsWeb hosts several free mailing lists for researchers of the Alvarado surname. Cousin Connect - ALVARADO Genealogy QueriesRead or post genealogy queries for the surname Alvarado, and sign up for free notification when new Alvarado queries are added. DistantCousin.com - ALVARADO Genealogy Family HistoryFree databases and genealogy links for the last name Alvarado. References: Surname Meanings Origins Cottle, Basil. Penguin Dictionary of Surnames. Baltimore, MD: Penguin Books, 1967. Menk, Lars. A Dictionary of German Jewish Surnames. Avotaynu, 2005. Beider, Alexander. A Dictionary of Jewish Surnames from Galicia. Avotaynu, 2004. Hanks, Patrick and Flavia Hodges. A Dictionary of Surnames. Oxford University Press, 1989. Hanks, Patrick. Dictionary of American Family Names. Oxford University Press, 2003. Smith, Elsdon C. American Surnames. Genealogical Publishing Company, 1997.

The purpose of human rights Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

The purpose of human rights - Essay Example The two are different despite the fact that they relate to one another2. Human rights are the freedoms and rights that all human beings have an entitlement to enjoy during their lifetime. They are the rights that the state has an obligation to provide to the citizens. They include the right to liberty, life, expression and thought, and equal treatment before the law. These rights express the various responsibilities that the government should provide to individuals and, responsibilities of the government authorities to groups or individuals3. The state bears the role of ensuring that all the citizens enjoy their rights. They are fundamental inalienable rights, which all people in the state have an entitlement to as human beings. The rights exist as legal or natural rights in both international and national law. Human rights are an international practice that prevails in policies of different states and, and in various activities organizations that are nongovernmental4. Human rights a re norms that protect people from legal, social, and political abuses. The source of conception of these rights is the treaties, Universal Declaration of Human Rights, and the human rights documents that people followed in international organizations. The Declaration of the rights clearly illustrates many human rights that all countries have a responsibility to protect and respect5. The rights fall into six key families, which include Security rights that protect all the people against crimes like murder, torture, rape, and massacre. Due process rights, which protect people against the abuse of legal system. The abuse includes imprisonment of individual without trial, excessive punishments, and secret trials6. Liberty rights protect individuals’ freedom in expression, belief, association, movement, and assembly. Political rights protect a person’s liberty to involve themselves in politics via various acts like assembly, communication, serving in public offices, and vot ing. Equality rights ensure equal citizenship, non-discrimination and equality before the law. Welfare rights ensure that an individual acquire quality education and that the government protects them from starvation and severe poverty. Group rights are also remarkably vital rights that the Universal Declaration leaves that protect the different ethnic groups from genocide. It also covers the ownership of various resources and territories by the groups7. The various ideas that led to the development of the human rights arose during the Second World War. In 1948, the United Nations made a remarkable step in adopting the Universal Declaration of Human rights. The societies that existed during the period had developed elaborate systems, political legitimacy, and conceptions of justice meant to realize human dignity. Another crucial issue that has contributed to the development of human rights is the secularization of the Judeo-Christian ethics by the Europeans. A human being gives birth to a baby who is equal in dignity to the mother8. Human beings have a conscience and reason that guides them to act to one another in the spirit of goodwill. Human rights form vocabularies that articulate the norms of various cultures that guide people to associate with one another effectively9. The widespread nature of agreements of international human rights provides the necessary support of the values that human widely share. Human rights norms are

Disability Definitions Analysis Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Disability Definitions Analysis - Research Paper Example IDEA defines what these disabilities are, and who is eligible to receive education based on their unique needs. This paper will look into some of the descriptions of the disabilities under the IDEA, and what characteristics and features are in place to identify these individual needs. Learning disability: Under the IDEA, this is a disorder where normal psychological processes involved in the using of language, or understanding are able to manifest in a manner that fosters an imperfect inability to either think or listen. In the IDEA definition, there is the inclusion of conditions that count as learning disabilities. These include: brain injury the student may have, brain dysfunction, dyslexia (reading disability), and/or perceptual disabilities (Kaufman & Kaufman, 2001). However, learning difficulties, for example, emotional disturbance and economic disadvantages, do not fall under this definition. Mental retardation: Under IDEA, this is the lack of cognitive abilities. This means that these individuals face limitations when it comes to social skills, taking care of themselves, and issues with communication. Students with mental retardation are typically slower than the rest of the students. These cognitive disabilities render the student much slower when it comes to speech. They also have problems taking care of their personal needs while in school (Burns, 2006). Emotional behavioural disturbance: Under the IDEA’s definition, it is a condition that renders a child with sub average intellectual functioning. This is a disability that cannot be explained by health or intellectual factors. The presence of some factors over a long period might indicate that a student is incapable of maintaining a steady educational environment. Deficits in adaptive behaviour, according to the act, affect the child, hence affecting their educational environment (Mastropieri & Scruggs, 2007). In learning disabilities, there are no factors that affect the student from the

The Benifits of Quality Early Childhood Education by using curriculum Thesis Proposal

The Benifits of Quality Early Childhood Education by using curriculum and literature - Thesis Proposal Example Last four decades witnessed an increasing attention directed to the education of children who are under five (Barnett & Boocock, 1998). With ongoing changes in family structures and lifestyles, the number of children who are cared for by someone other than a parent has steadily increased. On the basis of information provided by Barnett and Boocock, estimates suggest that almost 65 percent of mothers with preschool children are in the labor force. In 1995, 59 percent of all preschool-aged children within the US were in preschool care and education programs on a regular basis, including 67 percent of three-year-olds and 77 percent of four-year-olds (Hofferth, Shauman, Henke, & West, 1998). According to the study carried out by West, Denton, and Germino-Hausken (1998), US Department of Education (Doe) found that 80 percent of all children beginning kindergarten in the fall of 1998 had been in child care on a regular basis, and about half continued to be in child care before or after sch ool. Suggesting that, currently, the vast majority of children within the US spend much of their day away from their parents, with most attending a center-based preschool program prior to kindergarten. As reported by Yarosz and Barnett (2001), center-based preschool programs in 1999, were frequently attended by preschoolers throughout the US, with program participation at 70% at age four and 45% at age three. As described by Yarosz and Barnett, center-based programs are mostly labeled as child care, preschool, day care, and nursery school and are operated under a number of different auspices, including churches, independent non-profit, for-profits, public schools, and Head Start. According to West, Hausken, and Collins (1993), regardless of how preschool programs are described and labeled, most parents perceive such programs as educational. Further explained by Yarosz and Barnett, augmentation in parental education as well as income is directly related to an increase in the rate of enrollment and participation of children in preschool programs. The finding holds true with greater government support for programs targeting children in low-income families (example Title XX or Child Care Works). Additionally, as reported by Yarosz and Barnett, findings suggests that parents are less likely to enroll children under three in center-based programs, as parents tend to view infant and toddler care as less likely to influence later educational outcomes. Moreover, the implementation of preschool programs in public schools has recently increased. According to information provided by the National Center for Education Statistics (NCES)

TAXATION POLICY AND TAX REFORMS IN VIETNAM Assignment

TAXATION POLICY AND TAX REFORMS IN VIETNAM - Assignment Example The taxation policy of an economy has a major impact on its economic condition. Understanding the taxation policy of a country helps in assessing the role of income taxes on the economic growth. Countries constantly engage in debate to strike the right balance of taxes for the planned economies progress (Miller, & Oats, 2009). Economic analysts suggest that economic policies are very important for the growth of an economy. Taxes are important sources of finance for the governments. Governments implement combination of direct and indirect based to generate effective results and higher revenues for meeting capital and public revenue expenditure (Jones, Rhoades-Catanach, & Lemler, 2010). The governments which have more opportunities for generating finance from revenues of public enterprises besides tax implementation attempt to design the lenient taxation policies which attain effective results. Vietnam was a developing economy and it had shown dramatic development over the years. This dramatic growth of the country with the passage of time is centrally attributed to its economic policies. One major component of these is the taxation reforms. ECONOMIC OBJECTIVES AND TAXATION STRUCTURE OF VIETNAM After the war in 1954-1975, Vietnam adopted a market oriented strategy for development. The process of the reforms was initiated during the mid 1980’s. Before these reforms were proposed, the state was playing a very important role in the economic development of the country. The government’s revenue collection from the enterprises was linked to profit sharing with the organizations. For achieving the objectives of efficiency in government organization, it was mandated for the managers to abide the directives and the policies proposed by the state. This was aimed at improving the performance of the economic performance of the government and private enterprise in local and international market (Yui, n.d.). New legislations were enacted and the promulgations of the company law were also implemented. The changes were made to the foreign Investment Law, Private Enterprise Law and the Company law. During this time the first phase of the reform was implemented. At this time th e government was in dire need of implementing the policies and overcoming the economic challenges such as controlling the effect of hyper inflation. Implementations of the policies were forced with reforms in the import and export taxes, special consumption taxes and profit taxes etc. The enterprises that were non state owned were levied with registration tax, excise tax and agricultural taxes. This in result had direct impact on the FDI and increased the overall productivity of the economy. These reforms were considered for contribution in the economic improvements and these practices made the tax system more transparent. The overall series of measures of growth contributed to the economic development significantly and growth of the Vietnam economy over the years. Through these reforms the overall growth in the revenue of the economy increased by more than five times. The report here after focuses on the reform in the taxation policies of the Vietnam (Yui, n.d.). REFORMS IN THE TAX ATION POLICY OF VIETNAM The taxation system plays a very important and critical role in structuring the macroeconomic conditions of the economy. . The initial measures mentioned above had significant impact on the economy of Vietnam. It contributed towards the success of Vietnam with its social and economic developm

Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 93

Assignment Example The news from countries that are at war is now transformed to assume a face that is more human. Women changed the local stories that have made then public to respond to homelessness, child prostitution and domestic violence and abuse. Women were determined to change the traditions that had dominated the newsrooms for a long time (Chambers, Steiner, and Fleming 11). They argued that [people see what they are seeking and what they are adapted to. Women see perceive things differently from men, and they inclusion in the newsrooms adds a lot of value to the news coverage. They complete the news the content of the news by making all parts of the society visible. They also facilitated the redress of the discriminative nature of newspapers that perceived them as citizens who were in the second class (Chambers, Steiner, and Fleming 8). They now report about those women who are in exceptionally high ranks in any organization, not just using them in adverts to demonstrate the strength of a detergent that can remove all form s of stains. This essay is in total agreement with the fact that women have brought a major transformation in journalism, and the evidence for this is clear. In conclusion, women have brought a new face in the newsroom, by completing the news coverage to all spheres of society. However, they still have not been fully integrated to occupy the top ranks in the journalism

TAXATION POLICY AND TAX REFORMS IN VIETNAM Assignment

TAXATION POLICY AND TAX REFORMS IN VIETNAM - Assignment Example The taxation policy of an economy has a major impact on its economic condition. Understanding the taxation policy of a country helps in assessing the role of income taxes on the economic growth. Countries constantly engage in debate to strike the right balance of taxes for the planned economies progress (Miller, & Oats, 2009). Economic analysts suggest that economic policies are very important for the growth of an economy. Taxes are important sources of finance for the governments. Governments implement combination of direct and indirect based to generate effective results and higher revenues for meeting capital and public revenue expenditure (Jones, Rhoades-Catanach, & Lemler, 2010). The governments which have more opportunities for generating finance from revenues of public enterprises besides tax implementation attempt to design the lenient taxation policies which attain effective results. Vietnam was a developing economy and it had shown dramatic development over the years. This dramatic growth of the country with the passage of time is centrally attributed to its economic policies. One major component of these is the taxation reforms. ECONOMIC OBJECTIVES AND TAXATION STRUCTURE OF VIETNAM After the war in 1954-1975, Vietnam adopted a market oriented strategy for development. The process of the reforms was initiated during the mid 1980’s. Before these reforms were proposed, the state was playing a very important role in the economic development of the country. The government’s revenue collection from the enterprises was linked to profit sharing with the organizations. For achieving the objectives of efficiency in government organization, it was mandated for the managers to abide the directives and the policies proposed by the state. This was aimed at improving the performance of the economic performance of the government and private enterprise in local and international market (Yui, n.d.). New legislations were enacted and the promulgations of the company law were also implemented. The changes were made to the foreign Investment Law, Private Enterprise Law and the Company law. During this time the first phase of the reform was implemented. At this time th e government was in dire need of implementing the policies and overcoming the economic challenges such as controlling the effect of hyper inflation. Implementations of the policies were forced with reforms in the import and export taxes, special consumption taxes and profit taxes etc. The enterprises that were non state owned were levied with registration tax, excise tax and agricultural taxes. This in result had direct impact on the FDI and increased the overall productivity of the economy. These reforms were considered for contribution in the economic improvements and these practices made the tax system more transparent. The overall series of measures of growth contributed to the economic development significantly and growth of the Vietnam economy over the years. Through these reforms the overall growth in the revenue of the economy increased by more than five times. The report here after focuses on the reform in the taxation policies of the Vietnam (Yui, n.d.). REFORMS IN THE TAX ATION POLICY OF VIETNAM The taxation system plays a very important and critical role in structuring the macroeconomic conditions of the economy. . The initial measures mentioned above had significant impact on the economy of Vietnam. It contributed towards the success of Vietnam with its social and economic developm

Essay questions Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 2

Questions - Essay Example One important principle of the modern model of organization is that the sensory system is parallel. This means that information moves between different structures along multiple pathways simultaneously. Another important principle of the modern model is that the system is functionally segregated. This means that structures in the system are comprised of different parts that specialize in different kinds of analysis. A third important principle of the modern model is that the system is organized hierarchically, which means that information flows through brain structures in a specific order based on how functionally and nueroanatomically complex they are. One way the olfactory system is different from other systems is that there is no thalamic relay when sensory activity is transferred to the olfactory bulb. This means that the olfactory system bypasses the thalamus; which controls the flow of information to the cortex. Another way the olfactory system is different is that the receptor neurons of the system are continuously replaced through mitotic division. This continual replacement occurs because olfactory neurons are exposed directly to the environment; therefore the neurons have a very high vulnerability and need to be replaced continuously. One effect of damage to the posterior parietal cortex is known as Apraxia, which usually occurs as a result of damage to the left side of the cortex. Apraxia inhibits voluntary action. One example would be not being able to lift your arm on command. Another effect of this type of damage is called Contralateral Neglect. This damage usually occurs on the right side of the cortex and makes the person unable to respond to stimuli on the opposite side where the damage occurs. People with this type of damage often ignore putting make-up on or shaving one side of their face; usually the left side. Another feature is called motor equivalence. This means that programs are stored at

Investment Options Essay Example for Free

Investment Options Essay Mutual funds remain the central instruments investors use to achieve their financial goals. Whether for retirement or in the search for additional profits, individual and corporate investors choose mutual funds as a relatively reliable and non-volatile method of making investments. It appears, however, that apart from satisfying the needs of individual investors, mutual funds can successfully work to secure corporate market players from changes and shifts in external markets. In this context, J.  P. Morgan is the bright example of the way mutual funds are used to reduce the negative impact of financial crisis and to overcome the difficulties faced in tough bond markets. J. P. Morgan has probably been the first to use mutual funds as the instrument of protection against the negative impacts of financial crisis. In his article, Michael Pollock (2009) sheds the light on the way J. P. Morgan Strategic Income Opportunities fund helps the company deal with tough bond markets. It appears, that the fund â€Å"has few restrictions typical of bond funds that are marketed to general public† (Pollock, 2009); as a result, it is better equipped to help investors survive through the difficult financial times. The fund functions according to a predetermined set of principles, of which putting money only into places where potential profits overweigh potential risks is probably the most important. The mutual fund at J. P. Morgan does not avoid keeping a portion of assets in cash, so that investors can materialize their investment opportunities when the right moment comes. Short selling is just another instrument the fund uses to generate additional profits; Pollock (2009) also notes that short selling is becoming a widely spread investment tool among bond funds. The list of investment instruments J. P. Morgan uses to manage its mutual fund is not limited to short selling and cash operations. Here, investors are also given a chance to make short borrowings and then to sell these borrowed shares; â€Å"investors can also make similarly bearish bets by buying credit-derivative instruments whose value increases if the price of an underlying corporate bond declines† (Pollock, 2009). To a large extent, the fund relies on the whole set of quantitative techniques that work to identify significant investment opportunities. The fund is actively involved into managing long-term high-yield corporate securities and nonagency mortgage-backed bonds. As a result, the fund has been able to achieve the total return rate of 4. 3% this year (Pollock, 2009). Does that mean that beyond using mutual funds as investment targets and the sources of additional profits, companies can also utilize the benefits of portfolio investment to protect themselves from external crisis threats? There is no definite answer to that question, but J.  P. Morgan obviously tries to change traditional opinions about investment options available to consumers. The truth is that everything we currently know about mutual funds does not make them look as an ideal investment solution. Given that mutual funds are not usually guaranteed by the FDIC and are not insured by any government agency; that mutual funds’ past performance is not always indicative of its future positive prospects; and that to be a member of a mutual fund also means to bear certain costs associated with investments, the whole picture of a mutual fund does not look as much attractive. However, where J. P. Morgan was able to reach the point of total return rate of 4. 3%, investors may have some sort of confidence that the company will pursue the same set of investment principles, being extremely cautious in its investment options and using the mutual fund as an effective means of anti-crisis protection. Conclusion Mutual funds are included into the list of the most widely used investment options. It appears, however, that mutual funds can also be successfully used to protect companies and investors from the negative impact of the financial crisis. Despite the costs investors have to carry as well as unpredictability of external environments, which mutual funds cannot control, the latter remain relatively stable and non-volatile means of dealing with tough bond markets.

Placement Reflection With Memory Service Health And Social Care Essay

Placement Reflection With Memory Service Health And Social Care Essay This essay will include an introduction providing an overview of the placement undertaken and the relevant client group who access the service, a critical evaluation of three assessments that have been used within the service, one being Occupational Therapy specific, a discussion and examples given of how risk is assessed and managed within this practice setting, a discussion of the models of practice used, one intervention plan used with a particular client with an analysis of how the interventions were identified and prioritised, appraisal and justification of other potential intervention strategies, identification and evaluation of the impact of relevant legislation upon service provision within the practice setting, finally an evaluation of own performance as a student Occupational Therapist, and a conclusion. The practice placement setting was a city-wide Memory Service situated in North Yorkshire. The Memory Service is made up of a multi-disciplinary team of mental health professionals, working alongside the Alzheimers Society. The service facilitates early detection, diagnosis, and assessment of needs for older people with a memory problem, as well as giving support to their carers. Group support is also provided. Clients who are referred to the Memory Service are generally older adults who are experiencing early-stages of dementia. This essay will focus on one service-user who has been referred to the service diagnosed with Alzheimers Dementia, we will call him Max. The NHS website defines Alzheimers as being the most common form of dementia, which is a group of symptoms associated with a decline in mental abilities, such as memory and reasoning (NHS.uk, 2010) Max is in the early/forgetfulness stage of dementia (Schneck, Reisberg, Ferris, 1982) This includes mild impairment in memory and language, personality alterations, increased depression and anxiety, although there is no significant deterioration in ADL and is still able to live independently, however, it is apparent that Max is in need of some support. Moniz-Cook Wood (1997) suggest that psychosocial interventions are more effective in the early stages of dementia and memory services have great potential to provide early interventions for the service user. Max is experiencing difficulties in certain areas of his occupational performance, such as cooking/social isolation ASSESSMENT Identify and critically evaluate 3 Axs that are/could be used with the client group. The first step toward intervention is to assess the cognitive level of the client. An example of a standardised assessment is the Mini Mental State Examination 27/30 (MMSE) Folstein et al (1975) but in Memory Service the Addenbrookes cognitive examination (ACE-R) is used. The ACE-R is a brief cognitive test that assesses five cognitive areas: attention/orientation, memory, verbal fluency, language and visuo-spatial abilities. The total score is 100 of which Max scored 85/100. The ACE-R is easy to administer and only takes approximately 15 minutes to complete. The ACE-R results can vary depending on the intelligence of the client and their previous education, and also how literate they are. The Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HAD) was used to find out if Max was anxious or depressed. The results proved that Max was very anxious with him scoring 9/10 anxiety, however only 2/10 for depression which is not significant, therefore this score was discarded. it was highlighted that Max was anxious about beginning social contact again and integrating into the community A kitchen assessment was undertaken with Max and the Occupational Therapist to assess and observe any risks to Maxs well-being. It was highlighted that Max often left pans on the gas cooker and ended up burning them, therefore setting off the smoke alarm, worrying the neighbours. The unstructured observational assessment took place in Maxs kitchen at home which is a familiar environment and in keeping with his daily routine. Max decided to cook scrambled egg on toast as he felt comfortable making this. At the time the Occupational Therapist was also asking Max questions relevant to his daily routine and cooking, therefore also making it an informal interview. Although unstructured assessments cannot provide the reliability that structured assessments can, Kielhofner (2002) mentions several reasons that can justify the use of unstructured assessments, such as, to add to information previously gained through a structured assessment, lack of time, unacceptability of structured assessment by a client, lack of an appropriate structured assessment. The negative points of carrying out a kitchen assessment are that quite often each client has a certain time of the day when they may function a lot better, Jack functions well around midday once he has taken his pain medication for arthritis and he is more able to focus on tasks. The client may also know that they are being assessed and may do things differently to how they would if they were alone. The evidence gathered from these assessments showed the Occupational Therapist that Max is only slightly cognitively impaired and is still able to function relatively well and therefore it is important to support Max as much as we can in his own home. Discuss relevance of risk AX and provide examples of how risk is assessed and managed Risk assessment and management is an important part of professional processes in Occupational Therapy practice. Legislation and policies have been implemented to guide practice such as Alzheimers Society The risk profile section of the Functional Assessment of the Care Environment (FACE) assessment and outcomes system (Clifford, 1999) is used to allow the Occupational Therapist to assess and document any clinical risk that an individual may pose. FACE provides outcome data that enables a patients progress to be followed and also compared with other individuals. The FACE risk profile comprises of a front sheet that summarises a patients contact details, and ratings of risk which are placed on a five-point scale ranging from 0=no apparent risk, through to 4=serious and apparent risk. The second sheet is a checklist of historical and current indicators of risk grouped into categories e.g. clinical symptoms indicative of risk and treatment-related indicators of risk. The third sheet comprises free text boxes where a description of the specific risk factors, both current warning signs and risk history, can be fully describes and individualised for the patient. The fourth sheet comprises r elapse and risk management plan which can be specified and tailored for an individual. Some specific events from Maxs past were documented: Social isolation and exclusion. Max hardly ever left the house apart from to do a weekly shop on a Saturday morning; his wife died two years ago and has since been living alone. Max had very few leisure interests apart from painting, and there was no close family support. As the course of Alzheimers progresses, the global function of individuals with Alzheimers decline. (Kuo, 2009) Max may therefore become increasingly unable to look after himself which could pose a risk in the future i.e. self-neglect? Thom and Blair (1998) describe the role of Occupational Therapy in identifying actual risks to the individual through the use of functional assessment based on observation and interview. (MENTION ABOVE AX) It was observed that Max has limited mobility due to arthritis in his knees, this poses a physical risk of falls. Max is aware of his limited mobility, however does not walk with a stick unless outside as he feels a stick inside is a hindrance. All loose rugs have been removed and the access to Maxs house is flat. He is aware of falls prevention techniques but has requested a pendant alarm from Telecare, as he feels this is appropriate in case he has a fall at home. The furniture is placed so that Max can use this as an aid for walking from the lounge into the kitchen if he feels the need. It was also highlighted that there was a risk operating household appliances safely after the Occupational Therapist carried out a kitchen assessment with Max. It was noted that once Max had started cooking he left the pans on the hob and went off to watch television because he got bored and then consequently forgot about the pan. From the kitchen assessment the Occupational Therapist was able to intervene and reduce the potential risk by suggesting Max engage himself in an activity in the kitchen whilst the food was cooking. Therefore Max could watch over the food but also read a newspaper, or do a jigsaw puzzle to keep himself entertained. Explore application of a model of practice and a therapy approach that were/could be used The Model of Human Occupation (Kielhofner, 1995) is founded on the belief that meaningful occupation is central to our well-being and that human occupation can best be understood as a dynamic system. (Duggan, 2004) This looks at physical and social environments, habituation, skills, and personal causation. As dementia is a progressive disease, the physical environment may become less accessible. Dementia may also cause disorientation, making it harder for the individual to make their way around places they are not familiar with. Occupational Therapists focus on Occupational performance, therefore we are interested in how individuals function on a day-to-day basis with their work, leisure, domestic life, and personal care. We follow a person-centred approach A person-centred and holistic approach.; A holistic approach:leisure, personal care and occupation in relation to the physical, psychological, social, economic spiritual aspects of life, (Reed Sanderson, 1992) Creek, 2002. Kitwood describes: Personhood promotes older people as having the same basic rights to dignity, privacy, choice, independence fulfilment as people of any other age group. Social interaction will help maintain well-being (Kitwood Bredin, 1992), preventing deterioration of mental function. People in a state of well-being are active occupationally engaging by nature (Turner, 2001). . INTERVENTION PLANNING Provide 1 intervention plan which you have implemented and justify this with evidence and clinical reasoning Following Maxs assessment, an occupational strengths and needs list was drawn up for Max and from this an intervention plan was made based on Maxs desired aims, including long-term goals. Goals are targets that the client hopes to reach through involvement in occupational therapy (Creek, 2002, p.129) STRENGTHS NEEDS Insight into condition Socially isolated although Max is very easy to get on with Enjoys drawing/painting-expresses interest in joining a local group Lost wife 2 years ago-feels as though he has lost his role in life Physically functions quite well apart from arthritic knees Burnt Pans Identifies positive qualities: kind, talkative, sense of humour Appears anxious about social involvement Prioritising the plan involved negotiating with Max and other members of the mental health team e.g. community support team, and making sure that Maxs goals were realistic in terms of being achieved within the 6 weeks. Cox (2007) states that symptoms of dementia can significantly disrupt a persons ability to set or meet realistic goals, therefore it is important to make sure each goal is achievable within the six weeks. By prioritising which goals Max wishes to achieve first this highlights the use of a person-centred approach, although risk factors must be taken into consideration e.g. Maxs top priority is to be able to make an evening meal safely and independently without burning pans, this is obviously a potential risk to Max and should be carried out with a member of the mental health team first. To meet the following goals, SMART (specific, manageable, achievable, realistic and time specific) objectives were also established. Long-term goal 1 Max to make some of his historically favourite meals safely and independently. Week 1: Max and the Occupational Therapist will meet on Monday morning at Maxs house, to discuss the risks of cooking with a gas cooker and write these down. Week 2: Max and Occupational Therapist to discuss whether Max would like some reading material in the kitchen to engage Max whilst his meal is cooking, therefore allowing Max to be occupied but also to check his food regularly to prevent burning pans and potential fire hazards. Week 3: Max and Occupational Therapist to walk to the local shop on Monday morning, to gather ingredients for the meal Max has chosen and Occupational Therapist to write down basic instruction for making of the meal. Week 4: Max and Occupational Therapist to make the meal together at 5.30 pm on Tuesday, using the gas cooker and ingredients that were previously bought Due to the nature of dementia, cognitive abilities decrease over time, the environment must be adapted accordingly. People with dementia may be unable to learn new skills; however old skills and habits remain deeply ingrained, and these can be used long into the disease Basic Living skills can be of more purposeful and value to the older person than leisure, PADL skills have been found to be important in the goals of treatment with early onset dementia as they value their independence, dignity privacy (Willard Spackman, 2001) It is important to facilitate plenty of praise and encouragement, through positive reinforcement. It is easier for Max to complete a cooking task when it is broken down into sections, so putting out the ingredients on the worktop in the order they need to go in the pan. Achieving only one or two steps of a task may help to give Max a sense of achievement. Max has a short attention span and finds it hard to remember instructions, so writing down a list of short instructions on how to make his favourite meal will facilitate him in the cooking process. When making the meal for the first time the Occupational Therapist gave tactful verbal reminders and simple instructions to encourage Max. Long-term goal 2 Max will attend creative community based activities and social groups every week for 10 weeks. Max is a friendly and sociable person once he is around people, and he shows a strong interest in art and has many paintings around the house. Aims of the art group: to meet new people and develop social interaction through art work. Week 1: Provide Max with information about his local neighbourhood network, available Memory Service groups, and provide transport information so that Max can attend. Week 2: Accompany Max to attend a local art gallery, and establish a therapeutic relationship with him. Allow Max to socialise with other people at the Art Gallery and start to build up his confidence whilst getting him to talk about his favourite interest. Week 3: Support Max to access the service for the first time; attend a Memory Service lunch club on a Wednesday morning for two hours accompanied by the Occupational Therapist. Week 4: Max to attend a local Memory Service Open Art group for service-users once a week on Monday morning for two hours for 10 weeks. Week 5: Max to continue attending the open art group and aim to achieve a higher level of occupational performance, by grading activities. For an occupation to have any therapeutic benefit it must have purpose, value and meaning to the individual (McLaughlin-Gray, 1998). For Max, this is taking part in Art based activities, in his past he was a strong artist and spent most of his free time outside painting, therefore attending a local art group with similar people with memory loss this is an ideal chance for Max to express his creativity and becoming more socially integrated into the community. It is important that we find out what Max wants to do and what he would enjoy, otherwise there will be little therapeutic benefit. This is an example of Person-centred care: we look for the client to lead us into an understanding of what is good and right for them. Perrin May (2000, p.77) Research is beginning to indicate the value of providing educational and supportive memory groups for people in the early stages of dementia. This can be seen as a cost effective, successful intervention that provides an alternative treatment for people in the early stages of dementia (Knapp, 2006) When looking at the College of Occupational Therapists online dementia clinical forum, there was evidence by Graff et al, 2006, for community based occupational therapy for people with dementia and their caregivers. It found that ten sessions of community occupational therapy over five weeks improved the daily functioning of patients with dementia. Creative activity in groups has also been shown to reduce depression and isolation, offering the power of choice and decisions. Non-verbal therapy methods, such as painting, are able to influence the well-being of the patients positively. (Hannemann,2006) The role of the OT with general goals is in promoting occupation, health well-being taking into consideration that dementia is progressive when making intervention plans (Pedretti, 2001). Analyse how the interventions implemented were identified and prioritised Appraise and justify other potential intervention strategies Another potential intervention strategy was to install Just Checking, a web-based activity monitoring system that provides a chart of daily living activity via the web, allowing the Occupational Therapist to track (via sensors in each room) where the individual has been, for how long, and at what time. A Just Checking system could be used for Max to establish his daily routine and activity levels during the day/night. Max states that he is anxious and sits on the sofa most of the day, Just Checking can monitor what he gets up to on a daily basis for 2-3 weeks and then the Occupational Therapist can be sure that the care plans and interventions that they put into place are based on objective information, rather than on supposition. They can be confident that the plan more closely meets Maxs needs. It may highlight that Max needs extra support which can be provided by the Community Support Team. It was suggested to Max that he try a dosset box for his daily medication, as it was noted that Max was not always compliant with his medication. However, Max refused this idea as he was happy taking his medication from the packet, and he felt that a dosset box would upset his daily routine. Another suggestion for Max could be for him to keep a diary so he can note down everything that is important like taking medication at a certain time, and attending any necessary appointments. The Occupational Therapist also gave Max some information about a Reminiscence group that is starting in the New Year. On nearly every visit Max would get round to talking about his past or photographs that he had on the wall, so it seemed like a good suggestion for Max to attend this group. When searching the Cochrane Library database, Woods et al (2005) looked at the effects of reminiscence therapy for older people with dementia and their care-givers. The results were statistically significant for cognition (at follow-up), mood (at follow-up) and on a measure of general behavioural function (at the end of the intervention period). The use of reminiscence therapy with people with dementia has been linked with improvements in behaviour, well-being, social interaction, self-care and motivation (Gibson 1994) Although there is little specific evidence for the effectiveness of reminiscence in dementia care (Carr, Jarvis and Moniz-Cook 2009) Max has expressed an interest in joining because he feels as though he would gain some therapeutic benefit being able to talk about past events with people of a similar age and with memory problems. The Cochrane review concluded that there was inconclusive evidence of the efficacy of reminiscence therapy for dementia. However, taking studies together, some significant results were identified, including improvements in mood and cognition, lessening of care giver strain and improved functional ability. No harmful effects were identified. Identify and evaluate the impact of relevant legislation, health and social policy and clinical guidelines upon service provision overall It is important that Occupational Therapists have a clear set of principles to work alongside when working with a person with Dementia. Also it is important to follow the Codes of Ethics and Professional Conduct (COT, 2010) The Mental Capacity Act 2005 (MCA) is underpinned by 5 guiding principles which all staff must follow These are an assumption of capacity supporting people to make their own decisions people have the right to make eccentric or unwise decisions where someone lacks capacity staff must act in the persons best interests where someone lacks capacity any action we take on their behalf must generally be the least restrictive option The National Dementia Strategy for England (DoH, 2009a) is a five-year plan which has three main aims: to ensure better knowledge, to ensure early diagnosis and to develop services. The strategy has put a focus on improving support for this large and growing group of people. It sets out a vision to raise the standards of care for people with dementia and is of great significance to Occupational Therapists working in the Memory Service. Occupational therapists can ensure that both the clients and their carers have a better understanding about the impact of dementia. Occupational Therapists working in the Memory Service get to see clients performing various activities that are directly or indirectly affected by memory and other cognitive functions through observation and assessment and are, therefore, able to identify early signs of cognitive impairments and raise awareness about the functional implications of memory and other cognitive impairments. In the UK, the National Service Framework for Mental Health (DoH, 1999) has been the main guide for how services should be run. It is now being replaced by the New Horizons strategy (DoH, 2009b), which aims to promote good mental health and well-being whilst improving services for people who have mental health problems. Occupational Therapists need Includes early intervention: to improve long-term outcomes, personalised care: ensuring that care is based on individuals needs and wishes, leading to recovery New Horizons sets out an intention across a wide range of agencies to move towards a society where people understand that their mental well-being is as important as their physical health if they are to live their lives to the full. It describes some of the factors that affect well-being and some everyday strategies for preserving and boosting it. It is important that Occupational Therapists specialising in the field of dementia ensure that they have a copy of the National Service Framework for Older People and use it a guide for the minimum level of service provided. EVALUATION Analyse how evaluation of interventions was completed Analyse your own performance as a student OT Having completed this 7 week placement I feel as though I have grown in confidence and learned so around the field of Dementia. I have had the chance to observe and assess many people with different diagnosis of dementia and every single person has been different and unique, with different goals they want to achieve and what they wish to receive out of the service. I have learned that communicating with a person with dementia can be a slow process, it is important to be able to actively listen not only to the service-user but to the carer as well as they provide so much valuable information and they are usually so much involved in the care of the service-user. Reflective practice has been identified as one of the key ways in which we can learn from our experiences. It helps to develop knowledge and skills towards becoming professional practitioners. (Jasper, 2003)  Ã‚   It is important that as a student Occupational Therapist I learn from my experiences on placement in order to understand and develop my practice, this involves consciously thinking about things I am doing, actively listening and making decisions. From what I have observed I can then start the reflective process and describe the experience and analyse it. I used Gibbss reflective cycle (Gibbs, 1988) that consists of six stages of the reflective process and asks cue questions to prompt the memory. CONCLUSION Provide summary of key points Every individual has certain strengths and weaknesses, likes and dislikes, emotions and habits, needs and preferences, and this makes them unique. People with dementia are often denied these things as their disease progresses, therefore it is important to try and maintain as best as possible the individual characteristics that makes up that person. As Occupational Therapists we need to acknowledge the uniqueness of the person and realise that even if they have dementia they are still living their life. Structure and predictability are important aspects of the environment in which people with dementia live. Summarise how the interventions improved or maintained health and well being for the individual Brooker p.44 (2007) states that It is important to and appreciate that all people have a unique history and personality, physical and mental health, and social and economic resources, and that these will affect their response to dementia. There is good evidence that people with dementia can learn, and respond to their environment, and through groups they can experience an improvement in the quality of life. It may not be possible to reverse the effects of dementia, but some of the major difficulties for Dementia sufferers are caused by under-stimulation, withdrawal, depression, and anxiety, and these can be reduced. This can make a real difference to the person. Max has lost his motivation and he was anxious about leaving the house and becoming socially involved again because of his memory deficits and it took some gentle persuasion to get him involved again. However, the Occupational Therapist described to Max what was going to happen, and what he would be doing, and reminded him when to attend the group sessions so he did not need to worry. The Art Group is a closed group, and the same people meet for a number of sessions and they get to know each other and become familiar with the routine of the group. This is good for Max as he is able to make some new friends, return to a familiar environment each week, and start to establish a routine. The leaders of the group get to know the members and are able to plan activities according to each member. Max expressed a strong interest in watercolour painting, and the art group leader was able to accommodate this. The achievement of leisure goals helped Max to sustain his self-esteem and morale.

The Etiology of Autism Essay -- Disease, Disorders

In the United States, the Center for Disease Control and Prevention reports that between 1 in 80 and 1 in 240, for an average of 1 in 110 children have an autism spectrum disorder, â€Å"ASD† (Nirv, Shah 2011). According to the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, up to six out of every 1,000 children may be diagnosed with some form of autism. In addition, boys are four times more likely than girls to have autism. This means that as many as 1.5 million Americans today are believed to have some form of autism. Unfortunately, the numbers appear to be increasing rapidly. Autism is a disability that frequently appears during the first three years of life. It is the result of a neurological disorder that affects the functioning of the brain and impacts the normal development of the brain in the areas of social interaction and communication skills (Bee & Boyd, 2009). It is the most prevalent developmental disorder to date. Autism is one of five disorders com ing under the umbrella of Pervasive Developmental Disorders (PDD), a category of neurological disorders characterized by "severe and pervasive impairment in several areas of development," including social interaction and communications skills (Zager, 2006). The etiology of autism is a topic of controversial debate, while researchers strive to achieve a common objective. The goal is to identify the cause of autism to understand the complex interplay between environment and gene regulation (NCBI, 2009). Although individuals with autism have existed for many centuries it was not recognized and labeled until mid 20th century. Therefore, early detection, intervention and an individual educational plan are essentials for the progress of ASD. The etiology of ASD... ...teristics-of-autism Muhle R, Trentacoste SV, Rapin I.Pediatrics. 2004 May; 113(5):e472-86. Retrieved from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19774457 National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke Autism Information Page. Retrieved from: http://www.ninds.nih.gov/disorders/autism/autism.htm Richards, S., Taylor, R., Smiley, L. 2009; Exceptional Students: Preparing Teachers for the 21st Century TARGET: Texas Guide for Effective Teaching Educational Implications Texas Statewide Leadership for Autism Training (March 2009). Retrieved from: http://www.txautism.net/docs/Guide/Introduction/EducationalImplications.pdf Autism Spectrum Disorders. Retrieved from:http://www.yourlittleprofessor.com/spectrum.html Bibliography on Iodine and Autism. Retrieved from: http://gingerjens.blogspot.com/p/bibliography-on-iodine-and-autism.html